http://www.khaleejtimes.com/DisplayArticleNew.asp?xfile=data/opinion/2006/June/opinion_June83.xml§ion=opinion&col=
via Political Theory Daily Review
INFORMED by the harrowing lessons of World War II, the United Nations
Charter was signed in San Francisco on June 26, 1945. Exactly 61 years
later, the UN review conference on small arms opened on Monday in New
York. This is the first major conference on the UN programme of action
on the global menace of small and light weapons of combat.
In recent years, discussions on terror and safety have tended to
concentrate on weapons of mass destruction. And yet there are other
problems that are already causing havoc, which also demand urgent
attention. It is important to appreciate why an effective system of the
control of trade in small arms is so badly needed right now.
First, the use of small arms is constantly fed and heavily promoted in
the world by the sellers, for there is much profit to be made there.
While it is true that arms trading needs willing buyers in addition to
eager sellers, the pushing of arms is no less a phenomenon today than
the pushing of drugs.
Given the fact that arms buying tends to be concentrated in relatively
few hands, typically governmental administrators or the military or
paramilitary (including insurgents), swaying the purchasers is often
relatively easy and well within the profitable reach of the merchants
of death. The French economist Jean-Baptiste Say might have enunciated
a rather doubtful general principle when he argued, 200 years ago, that
"supply creates its own demand," but his maxim fits the arms trade
alarmingly well.
Second, arms trading would not be hard to control if the international
community were resolved to do so. Arms production tends to be
concentrated regionally, and so is the export of arms. As it happens,
the leaders of the world, in the shape of the Group of 8 countries,
have been persistently responsible for more than 80 per cent of global
arms exports.
Furthermore, the states of the world seem to have already agreed in
previous meetings that they would restrict arms transactions to what
international law allows. Yet there is no current agreement between the
states on standards for arms transfers. At the ongoing UN conference,
states need to agree on global principles restraining arms transfers if
there were a likelihood they would be used to commit genocide or
identifiable crimes.
A comprehensive approach would have to address direct transactions,
indirect transfers, brokering, transit and transshipment. The UN
General Assembly can then move towards agreeing on an international
Arms Trade Treaty.
Third, the conference could also bring out the fact that the terrible
consequences of the use of small arms go well beyond the outrageous
killing and maiming they cause. Small arms are vital ingredients of
terrorism, civil war and generalised violence, which in turn lead to
the disruption of social services, health care and basic education, and
can also reduce the incentives for long-term investment and economic
development. Many of the difficulties faced by Africa from the 1970s
onward can be traced to this process.
The G-8 countries have not taken an active leadership role in curbing
arms trade until recently, but there are some welcome signs of greater
resolve right now. It is also important for non-G-8 countries to take
more initiative on this.
My own country, India, has good reason to use whatever influence it
has, especially with the growing recognition of its importance in the
global world. This is not only because reduction of armed conflicts
fits well into the global objectives that were championed by India when
it struggled for independence and sought a global voice, but also
because India itself suffers a great deal from the illicit movement of
arms that feed local insurrections and terrorist acts.
Even though China is currently the seventh-largest exporter of arms in
the world, it also has a stake in limiting the movement of arms into
its own territory. The G-8 countries, too, have reasons of enlightened
self-interest to do this (despite the money that these countries make
from this terrible trade), given the growing threat of terrorism that
affects these countries as well.
Countries across the world, despite their many variations, increasingly
have a shared vulnerability. The time has come for the world as a whole
to turn a page, through effective controls on the global arms trade.
~Eminent economist Amartya Sen, who was awarded the 1998 Nobel prize in
economics, is professor at Harvard University. He is an honourary
adviser to Oxfam and author of many books including Development as
Freedom. This article first appeared in the IHT
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submitted to PCC Issues list by Terry Lee Coughran, social activist
tcoughra@comcast.net